Load factor and the Vg diagram

Every point is a combination of airspeed and G. The airplane has to stay inside the envelope.

Pull hard adds G at this airspeed and shows what gives out first: the wing or the structure.

Load factor
Stall speed at this G
Maneuvering speed
CategoryLimit load factor
Normal (172 at max weight)+3.8 / −1.52
Utility+4.4 / −1.76
Acrobatic+6.0 / −3.0

Cessna 172N, normal category, speeds in KIAS: Vno 128, Vne 160, Va 97 / 89 / 80 at 2300 / 1950 / 1600 lb. The stall line is approximate and drawn to meet the limit load at the POH's Va.